نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار بخش روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
2 استادیار گروه روانشناسی، مرکز آموزش عالی اقلید، اقلید، ایران
3 دکتری روانشناسی، اداره کل بهزیستی استان فارس، دفتر اورژانس اجتماعی، شیراز، ایران
4 استادیار گروه آموزش روانشناسی و مشاوره، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Extended Abstract
The concept of patience has recently gained increasing attention from psychologists and continues to evolve as a psychological construct. Patience is commonly defined as the capacity to postpone immediate desires in order to achieve more significant rewards in the future (Schnittker et al., 2020).
Previous research has highlighted the role of patience in reducing aggression and bullying (Farmani & Khormaei, 2015) and in alleviating anxiety and depression (Khormaei, Azadi Dehbidi, & Zaboli, 2015). Other studies have examined its associations with hopelessness (Khormaei & Farmani, 2014), life expectancy (Marhamati & Khormaei, 2018), psychological well-being (Marhamati & Khormaei, 2017), marital satisfaction (Farmani, Khormaei, & Dokouhaki, 2014), coping strategies (Kayhanfar, 2010), achievement goals (Arbazi & Khormaei, 2021), and academic procrastination (Khormaei & Azadi Dehbidi, 2017).
Patience can be regarded as both a biopsychological capacity and a moral virtue, influenced by religious beliefs and internal as well as external factors. Although dispositional in nature, it is often shaped by worldviews and values rooted inrevelation (Khormaei & Farmani, 2014). Theoretical and practical advances in this construct require the development of valid measurement tools, particularly for children and adolescents, in whom patience plays a key developmental role.
Accordingly, the present study aimed to develop and validate a Patience Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS), grounded in the five-factor model of patience, and to examine its psychometric properties.
Method: A descriptive–correlational design was employed. The study population comprised elementary, junior high, and senior high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Using cluster random sampling, 845 students were selected.
The Children and Adolescents Patience Scale (CAPS) was adapted from the Adult Patience Scale (Khormaei et al., 2014). In line with the adult version, core concepts related to patience were derived from verses of the Holy Qur’an, which guided the generation of items. The final instrument comprised 33 items rated on a five-point Likert scale (completely true to completely false), assessing five dimensions: persistence, hesitation, transcendence, forbearance, and satisfaction.
Items 2, 3, 4, 6–9, 11–13, 15–17, 19–21, and 23–33 were reverse-scored. Descriptive analyses were performed using SPSS-21, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted in AMOS-21 to test construct validity. Reliability of the total scale and subscales was examined using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients.
Results: Table 1 shows the distribution of participants by educational level and gender. Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for the scale and its subcomponents.
Table 1. Distribution of participants by educational level and gender
Educational level
Girls
Boys
Total
Elementary
151 (18%)
135 (16%)
286 (34%)
Junior high
149 (18%)
120 (14%)
269 (32%)
Senior high
145 (17%)
145 (17%)
290 (34%)
Total
445 (53%)
400 (47%)
845 (100%)
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the scale and its components
Variable
Mean
SD
Max
Min
Skewness
Kurtosis
Hesitation
27.32
7.73
50
10
–0.12
–0.48
Persistence
36.69
7.77
50
12
–0.04
–0.46
Transcendence
23.86
4.30
30
7
–0.06
–0.04
Forbearance
9.02
3.26
20
4
0.59
0.05
Satisfaction
10.33
2.88
15
3
–0.38
–0.32
Total Patience
112.17
18.02
161
63
–0.12
–0.37
CFA confirmed the five-factor structure:
Persistence: factor loadings 0.42–0.65
Hesitation: 0.32–0.66
Transcendence: 0.34–0.74
Forbearance: 0.36–0.67
Satisfaction: 0.45–0.77
All first-order factors significantly loaded onto a second-order general patience factor.
Table 3. Model fit indices
Indicator
X²/df
GFI
AGFI
CFI
IFI
RMSEA
PCLOSE
Observed
2.09
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.04
1.00
Acceptable
<3
≥0.90
≥0.90
≥0.90
≥0.90
≤0.08
≥0.05
The scale showed satisfactory reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients as follows:
Transcendence: 0.74
Forbearance: 0.62
Satisfaction: 0.70
Persistence: 0.80
Hesitation: 0.80
Discussion and Conclusions: The present study developed and validated the Children and Adolescents Patience Scale (CAPS), adapted from the adult version and grounded in Qur’anic concepts of patience. Items were tailored to the developmental needs of children and adolescents, resulting in a 33-item instrument with strong psychometric properties.
The findings suggest that the CAPS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing patience in younger populations. It can be effectively used to explore:
The developmental trajectory of patience across childhood and adolescence
Various manifestations of patience in daily life
Its associations with other psychological variables
The design of interventions aimed at fostering patience in children and adolescents
Future research should examine the scale’s psychometric performance across diverse cultural and demographic groups to enhance its generalizability.Total scale: 0.87
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