Effectiveness of an Educational Package Based on God-Oriented Spiritual Multidimensional Psychotherapy on Reducing Clinical Symptoms Resulting from Romantic Breakup: A Single-Case Study

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Psychology, Research Institute of Hawzah and University, Qom, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Research Institute of Hawzah and University, Qom, Iran (Corresponding Author)

3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Research Institute of Hawzah and University, Qom, Iran

10.30471/psy.2026.11648.2398

Abstract

Extended Abstract
 
Introduction and Objectives: “Romantic breakup” refers to the termination of a romantic relationship outside the framework of marriage, after which the individual, due to a deep sense of attachment, experiences severe anxiety and distress, sometimes accompanied by somatic symptoms (Rhoades et al., 2011). Given the complexity of romantic breakup and the fact that this phenomenon can simultaneously produce psychological, physical, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual tensions in the individual (Akbarī et al., 2021), an effective intervention to reduce its clinical symptoms requires the application of a comprehensive and multidimensional therapy. In this regard, “God-oriented spiritual multidimensional psychotherapy,” first introduced by Jānbozorgī (1999), offers a comprehensive framework by combining Islamic teachings and Lazarus’s seven dimensions, and therefore may be appropriate for this purpose. In summary, the present study aims to assess and measure the effectiveness of the educational package based on God-oriented spiritual multidimensional psychotherapy, which was designed and validated by  āfe ī (2025), in reducing clinical symptoms resulting from romantic breakup.
Method: To investigate the effectiveness of the educational package, an experimental design using a “single-subject design” (single-case) was employed. In this study, a “multiple-baseline design” across subjects was utilized to examine more precisely the validity of attributing changes to the educational package and to strengthen experimental control (Riley-Tillman & Burns, 2009). The target population comprised all clients suffering from romantic breakup in 2024 who referred to the Ārāmesh Counseling Center in the city of Qom and sought counseling for treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, three individuals were selected by purposeful sampling and, after obtaining consent, entered the educational package process. For implementation of the package, all three participants simultaneously entered the baseline phase. Participants underwent between three and seven baseline sessions randomly. The first baseline assessment was carried out at the end of the interview phase, and subsequent assessments were conducted weekly. The educational package was delivered individually on a weekly basis for 60 minutes to each participant. Each participant, in all sessions of the three phases—baseline, educational package, and follow-up—completed the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) and the Love Trauma Inventory (LTI) to test the study hypothesis. According to Vannest et al. (2018), in data analysis to demonstrate statistical significance, the method of “visual analysis” of the data graphs was used, and to assess clinical significance, effect size was calculated. According to Lane and Gast (2014), visual analysis of the data was conducted by examining three important criteria for demonstrating the effectiveness of an intervention—”level,” “trend,” and “variability”—across different phases (baseline, intervention, and follow-up) and by comparing them across conditions. Visual analysis of the data graphs was performed at two levels: “within-condition analysis” and “between-condition analysis.” In examining effect size or efficacy, nonparametric methods including “percentage of non-overlapping data” (PND), “percentage of overlapping data” (POD), and “mean baseline reduction” (MBLR) were employed.
Results: First, the applicability of the training package was examined through assessment of clinical client satisfaction. One hundred percent of clients attended the training and follow-up sessions, and 85 percent of them completed individual activities. According to the self-report questionnaire completed by clients, satisfaction with the training course was 90 percent. Ease of implementing the techniques was 80 percent, perceived usefulness of the techniques was 90 percent, and 80 percent of clients applied the techniques. The overall mean of criteria was 89 percent. Results of administering the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) on its three subscales of depression, anxiety, and stress, in the raw scores section, showed that all three clients had high scores in the baseline phase on all three DASS scales, which decreased in the training package phase. Specifically, the percentage improvement of clients based on the Mean Baseline Reduction (MBLR) index on the DASS depression scale was 15.32 percent for the first client, 89.40 percent for the second client, and 18.55 percent for the third client, and the overall improvement for all three clients was 74.42 percent. On the DASS anxiety scale, it was 6.42 percent for the first client, 9.40 percent for the second client, and 74.50 percent for the third client, and the overall improvement for all three clients was 74.44 percent. On the DASS stress scale, it was 36.37 percent for the first client, 83.46 percent for the second client, and 3.56 percent for the third client, and the overall improvement for all three clients was 83.46 percent. To assess the effect size of the present study’s training package, two nonparametric indices including “percentage of non-overlapping data” (PND) and “percentage of overlapping data” (POD) were used. As shown, in all clients, a PND score above 80 percent indicates the training package was very effective. In the present study, the Love Trauma Inventory (LTI) of Rosse (1999) was used for pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurement of romantic breakup clinical symptoms, and results showed that each of the three clients’ scores changed from the serious experience status of love trauma symptoms in the pre-test to a low degree in the post-test.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the aforementioned training package can be effective and may be applied in psychological services for individuals experiencing romantic breakup. Given the increasing and stable baseline trend in the progression line for all clients, based on the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), it is entirely possible to “predict” that had the intervention not begun, the level of clients’ clinical symptoms would have continued. Also, since the present intervention reversed the increasing or zero trends in the baseline line of all clients, one can speak of “verification” of the changes. On the other hand, because the intervention effect observed in the first individual was replicated in the second and third individuals, “replication” is demonstrated. With proof of an intervention’s effect, one can speak of its effect size; based on the findings of this study, the mean PND effect size indices based on the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) in all three clients were greater than 71.85 percent, which indicates the training package was very effective.
Acknowledgments: The authors express their gratitude to all study participants.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Keywords

References

منابع
آریانا کیا، المیرا؛ رحیمی طاقانکی، چنگیز؛ محمدی، نوراله (1401)، «اثربخشی گروه‎درمانی مبتنی بر طرحواره درمانی هیجانی آنلاین بر تحمل پریشانی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان دانشجویان مبتلا به اختلال سازگاری ناشی از شکست عاطفی»، روان‎شناسی بالینی، س۱۴، ش۳، ص۲۵-۳۷. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2021.23413.2172
اکبری، ابراهیم؛ خانجانی، زینب؛ عظیمی، زینب؛ پورشریفی، حمید؛ محمودعلیلو، مجید (1391)، «اثربخشی درمان تحلیل رفتار متقابل بر حالات شخصیتی، عزت نفس و نشانگان بالینی افراد دچار شکست عاطفی»، روش‎ها و مدل‎های روان‎شناختی، س۲، ش۸، ص۱-۲۱. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2100
اکبری، معصومه؛ طالع‎پسند، سیاوش؛ رحیمیان، اسحق؛ امین بیدختی، علی‎اکبر (1400)، «اثربخشی مداخله یکپارچه‎نگر شکست عاطفی بر بهبود نشانگان ضربه عشق، تاب‎آوری تحصیلی، بهزیستی تحصیلی و تمایزیافتگی خود در دانشجویان دچار شکست عاطفی»، مجله مطالعات روان‎شناسی تربیتی، س۱۸، ش۴۴، ص۷۴-۱۰۲. https://doi.org/10.22111/jeps.2021.6671
ایلکایی، حمیرا؛ تیزدست، طاهر (1399)، «اثربخشی درمان تعهد و پذیرش (ACT) بر شکست عاطفی، رضایت زناشویی و تنظیم هیجان زنان مراجعه‎کننده به اورژانس اجتماعی نوشهر»، مجله مطالعات ناتوانی، س۱۰، ش۱۸، ص۱-۷. http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-1867-en.html
باباخانی، خدیجه؛ وزیری، شهرام؛ تاجری، بیوک؛ لطفی کاشانی، فرح؛ رنجبری‎پور، طاهره (1398)، «اثر روان‎درمانی یکپارچه‎نگر بر تصویر بدنی، خوردن آگاهانه، رضایت از درمان و درمانگر در زنان چاق»، مجله علوم پزشکی پارس، س۱۷، ش۳، ص۷-۱۶. https://doi.org/10.52547/jmj.17.3.7
توسلی، زهرا؛ آقامحمدیان شعرباف، حمیدرضا؛ سپهری شاملو، زهره؛ شهسواری، مجید (1397)، «اثربخشی واقعیت‎درمانی گروهی بر نشانگان ضربه عشق و عملکرد کلی افراد شکست‎خورده عاطفی»، فصلنامه روان‎شناسی کاربردی، س۱۲، ش۱، ص۸۳-۱۰۲. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20084331.1397.12.1.5.9
ثنایی، باقر؛ علاقه‎مند، ستیلا؛ فلاحتی، شهره؛ هومن، عباس (1387)، مقیاس‎های سنجش خانواده و ازدواج، تهران: بعثت. https://www.iranketab.ir/book/68168-family
جان‎بزرگی، مسعود (1395)، «درمان چندبعدی معنوی: امکان تبیین پدیده‎های روانی (سلامتی و اختلال) با سازه‎های معنوی شخصیت براساس منابع دینی»، روان‎شناسی بالینی و شخصیت، س۱۴، ش۲، ص۱۷۳-۱۸۹. https://doi.org/10.22070/14.2.173
جان‎بزرگی، مسعود؛ نوری، ناهید؛ حیدری‎زاد، مهدیه؛ جان‎بزرگی، عرفانه؛ جان‎بزرگی، امین؛ نظری، مژگان (1399)، «اثربخشی درمان معنوی خداسو و درمان‎های غیرمعنوی در مدیریت استرس ناشی از بحران شیوع کرونا و طراحی مقدماتی الگوی معنوی مداخله روان‎شناختی در بحران کرونا»، روان‎شناسی بالینی و شخصیت، س۱۸، ش۱، ص۲۰۱-۲۱۴. https://doi.org/10.22070/cpap.2020.2932
جان‎بزرگی، مسعود (1378)، بررسی اثربخشی رواندرمانگری کوتاه‎مدت آموزش خودمهارگری با و بدون جهت‎گیری مذهبی (اسلامی) بر مهار اضطراب و تنیدگی، پایان‎نامه دکتری تخصصی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. https://www.modares.ac.ir/
جان‎بزرگی، مسعود (1398)، درمان چندبعدی معنوی: یک رویکرد خداسو برای مشاوره و روان‎درمانگری (فنون و برنامه‎ها)، قم: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
جان‎بزرگی، مسعود؛ انصاری، حسن (1403)، آسیب‎شناسی روانی با ملاحظات فرهنگی براساس DSM-5-TR و ICD-11، قم: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
حافظی، مجتبی (1404)، طراحی و سنجش امکان‎پذیری بسته آموزشی مبتنی بر درمان چندبعدی معنوی خداسو بر کاهش نشانگان بالینی ناشی از شکست عاطفی، پایان‎نامه دکتری تخصصی، پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
حسینی سمنانی، صدیقه؛ جان‎بزرگی، مسعود؛ انصاری، حسن؛ شاطریان محمدی، فاطمه (1404)، «اثربخشی پروتکل مداخله‎ای مبتنی بر درمان چندبعدی معنوی در کاهش نشانگان خودشیفتگی و بهبود کارکردهای شخصیت اختلال شخصیت خودشیفته: پژوهش مورد منفرد»، مطالعات اسلام و روان‎شناسی، س۱۹، ش۳۶، ص۱-۳۱. https://doi.org/10.30471/psy.2024.9947.2219
دهقانی، محمود (1389)، اثربخشی روان‎درمانی کوتاه‎مدت تعدیل‎کننده اضطراب بر نشانگان ضربه عشق، پایان‎نامه دکتری، انستیتو روان‎پزشکی تهران. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24644443/
رجبی، سوران؛ علیمرادی، خدیجه (1397)، «درمان شناختی ـ رفتاری بر وضوح خودپنداره، افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس و عزت نفس در دانشجویان دارای نشانگان ضربه عشق»، مطالعات روان‎شناختی، س۱۴، ش۳، ص131ـ146. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2018.16644.1462
رفیعی‎هنر، حمید (1397). الگوی درمانی خودنظم‎جویی برای افسردگی براساس منابع اسلامی، پایان‎نامه دکتری تخصصی، مؤسسه آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی(ره). https://B2n.ir/fb5429
روحانی، مرتضی؛ جان‎بزرگی، مسعود؛ احدی، حسن؛ بلیاد، محمدرضا (1397)، «اثربخشی الگوی کوتاه‎مدت درمانگری چندبعدی معنوی(SMP) بر مهار نشانگان افسردگی»، مطالعات اسلام و روان‎شناسی، س۱۲، ش۲۲، ص۱۳۵-۱۶۸. https://doi.org/10.30471/psy.2018.1489
ساعتچی، محمود؛ عسکریان، مهناز؛ پاشایی، لیلا (1398)، آزمون‎های روان‎شناختی. تهران: ویرایش. https://www.tahsilatetakmili.com/product/153629/
سامانی، سیامک؛ جوکار، بهرام (1386)، «بررسی اعتبار و روایی فرم کوتاه مقیاس افسردگی، اضطراب و فشار روانی»، علوم اجتماعی و انسانی دانشگاه شیراز، س26، ش3، ص65–76. https://www.sid.ir/paper/391033/fa
ستوده‎نیا کرانی، الهه؛ امیرفخرایی، آزیتا؛ آشوری، یعقوب (1401)، اثربخشی درمان چندبعدی معنوی بر شدت درد ، عاطفه مثبت و منفی و درماندگی ذهنی مواجهه با رویداد در زنان مبتلا به سرطان، پایان‎نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بندرعباس. https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/c4d28bd6d5bbc636078c6735279032d1
شمس الاحراری، مینا (1399)، تدوین بسته درمان چندبعدی معنوی با محوریت کاهش وزن و ارزیابی اثربخشی آن بر شاخص‎های زیستی، روانی و معنوی زنان فزون وزن، پایان‎نامه دکتری تخصصی،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شاهرود. https://doi.org/10.30486/jsrp.2020.1901566.2465
عبدلی، نسیم؛ رشیدی، علیرضا؛ صیدی، محمدسجاد (1401)، «اثربخشی درمان کوتاه‎مدت راه‎حل‎محور بر کیفیت ارتباط والدفرزندی، سازگاری هیجانی و سبک‎های حل تعارض مادران دختران درگیر شکست عاطفی»، فصلنامه پژوهش‎های کاربردی در مشاوره، س۵، ش۲، ص۱۰۵-۱۲۷. https://www.jarci.ir/article_704779.html?lang=en&utm_source=chatgpt.com
کشاورز، زهرا؛ بخشانی، نورمحمد؛ آقائی خواجه‎لنگی، حسن (1400)، «اثربخشی درمان شفقت‎محور بر عاطفه منفی و سرزنش خود دانشجویان دختر دارای شکست عاطفی»، مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، س۱۹، ش۲، ص۲۹۳-۳۰۳. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/rbs.19.2.293
کوهی، زهرا؛ علیوندی وفا، مرضیه (1401)، «بررسی اثربخشی مشاوره با رویکرد اسلامی بر پریشانی روان‎شناختی دانشجویان دختر با تجربه نشانگان شکست عشقی»، پژوهش در دین و سلامت، س۸، ش۳، ص۵۳-۶۷. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v8i3.34697
گرایلی، مژگان؛ آقامحمدیان شعرباف، حمیدرضا؛ اصغری ابراهیم‎آباد، محمدجواد (1398)، «اثربخشی روان‎درمانی گروهی هیجان‎مدار بر افزایش امید و بخشودگی بین‎فردی در نشانگان ضربه عشق»، پژوهش‎های روان‎شناسی بالینی و مشاوره، س۹، ش۲، ص۸۷-۱۰۰. https://doi.org/10.22067/ijap.v9i2.68223
منتظری، الناز (1394)، اثربخشی درمان چندبعدی معنوی به شیوه گروهی بر بیماران مبتلا به ام اس، پایان‎نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی گرمسار.
ناطقیان، سمانه؛ سپهری شاملو، زهره؛ صالحی فدردی، جواد؛ مشهدی، علی (1397)، «کارآزمایی بالینی نوروفیدبک ناقرینگی آلفا برای بهبود کنش‎های اجرایی و نشخوار فکری افراد مبتلا به افسردگی واکنشی ناشی از ضربه عشق»، روان‎شناسی شناختی، س۶، ش۲، ص31ـ40. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.23455780.1397.6.2.4.7
نیکوئی، فاطمه (1400)، «تأثیر مداخله چندبعدی معنوی بر استرس و تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب پس از جراحی بای پس»، نشریه اسلام و سلامت، س۶، ش۲، ص۱۲-۲۳. http://iahj.ir/article-1-250-fa.html
 
References
Akbarī, Ibrāhīm; Khānjānī, Zaynab; ʿAẓīmī, Zaynab; Pūrsharafī, Ḥamīd; Maḥmūdʿalīlū, Majīd (1391/2012). “The Effectiveness of Transactional Analysis Therapy on Personality States, Self-Esteem, and Clinical Symptoms in Individuals with Romantic Breakdown.” Methods and Models of Psychological Research, 2(8), 1-210. [In Persian]
Akbari, M., Talehpasand, S., Rahimian Boogar, I., & Amin Bidakhti, A. A. (2021). Effectiveness of an integrative intervention for romantic breakdown on love trauma syndrome, academic resilience, academic well-being, and self-distinction in students with romantic breakdown. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 18(44), 74-102. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22111/jeps.2021.6671
Akbarī, Maʿṣūmah; Ṭāliʿpasand, Siyāvash; Raḥīmiyān, Isḥāq; Amīn Bīdakhtī, ʿAlī-Akbar (1400/2021). “The Effectiveness of an Integrative Intervention for Romantic Breakdown on Love Trauma Syndrome, Academic Resilience, Academic Well-Being, and Self-Differentiation in Students with Romantic Breakdown.” Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 18(44), 74-102. [In Persian]
Amanelahi, A., Safaei Moghadam, S., & Taghipour, M. (2022). Moderating role of insecure attachment styles in the relationship between spiritual compatibility with spiritual growth and psychological distress in university students who experienced emotional failure. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 24(3), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2022.20068
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
Ardoin, S. P., Wagner, L., & Bangs, K. E. (2016). Applied behavior analysis: A foundation for response to intervention. In S. R. Jimerson, M. K. Burns, & A. M. VanDerHeyden (Eds.), Handbook of response to intervention (pp. 29-42). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7568-3_3
Arianakia, E., Rahimi, C., & Mohammadi, N. (2021). Effectiveness of online group therapy based on emotional schema therapy on distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation in university students with adjustment disorder due to romantic break-up. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14(3), 25-37. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2021.23413.2172
Āryānākiyā, Elmīrā; Raḥīmī Ṭāqānkī, Changīz; Muḥammadī, Nūrullāh (1401/2022). “The Effectiveness of Online Group Therapy Based on Emotional Schema Therapy on Distress Tolerance and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in University Students with Adjustment Disorder Due to Romantic Breakup.” Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14(3), 25-37. [In Persian]
Attkisson, C. C., & Greenfield, T. K. (1995). The client satisfaction questionnaire (CSQ) scales. In Outcome assessment in clinical practice. Williams & Wilkins.
Attkisson, C. C., & Zwick, R. (1982). The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and correlations with service utilization and psychotherapy outcome. Evaluation and Program Planning, 5(3), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(82)90074-X
Babakhani, K., Vaziri, S., Tajeri, B., Lotfikashani, F., & Ranjbarpour, T. (2022). Effect of integrative psychotherapy on body image, mindful eating, and satisfaction with therapy and therapist in obese women. Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(3), 7-16. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.52547/jmj.17.3.7
Bābākhānī, Khadījah; Vazīrī, Shahram; Tājirī, Bīyūk; Luṭfī Kāshānī, Faraḥ; Ranjbarīpūr, Ṭāhirah (1398/2019). “The Effect of Integrative Psychotherapy on Body Image, Mindful Eating, Satisfaction with Treatment and Therapist in Obese Women.” Pars Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(3), 7-16. [In Persian]
Behdost, P., Kargar, K., Ziaaddini, Z., & Salimi, H. (2019). The effectiveness of spiritual-religious psychotherapy on love trauma syndrome and acceptance in female students with love failure. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics, 6(2), 45-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jhsme.6.2.45
Benton, S. A., Robertson, J. M., Tseng, W., Newton, F. B., & Benton, S. L. (2003). Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.1.66
Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Negative cognitions in emotional problems following romantic relationship break-ups. Stress and Health, 25(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1219
Bryant-Davis, T., & Wong, E. C. (2013). Faith to move mountains: Religious coping, spirituality, and interpersonal trauma recovery. American Psychologist, 68(8), 675-684. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034380
Collins, T. J., & Gillath, O. (2012). Attachment, breakup strategies, and associated outcomes: The effects of security enhancement on the selection of breakup strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(2), 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.008
Dehghani, M., Atef-Vahid, M. K., & Gharaee, B. (2011). Efficacy of short-term anxiety-regulating psychotherapy on love trauma syndrome. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 18-25. [In Persian] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24644443/
Dihqānī, Maḥmūd (1389/2010). The Effectiveness of Short-Term Anxiety-Regulating Psychotherapy on Love Trauma Syndrome. PhD Dissertation, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry. [In Persian]
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). Broken hearts and broken bones: A neural perspective on the similarities between social and physical pain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429455
Elikai Dehno, H., & Tzidast, T. (2020). The effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional failure, marital satisfaction, and emotion regulation in women. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 10(18), 1-7. [In Persian] http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-1867-en.html
English Sources:
Fagundes, C. P. (2011). Implicit negative evaluations about ex-partner predicts break-up adjustment: The brighter side of dark cognitions. Cognition and Emotion, 25(1), 164-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011003683976
Field, T., Diego, M., Pelaez, M., Deeds, O., & Delgado, J. (2009). Breakup distress in university students. Adolescence, 44(176), 705-727.
Field, T., Diego, M., Pelaez, M., Deeds, O., & Delgado, J. (2013). Intrusive thoughts: A primary variable in breakup distress. College Student Journal, 47(4), 578-584.
Garimella, V. R. K., Weber, I., & Dal Cin, S. (2014). From “I love you babe” to “leave me alone” - Romantic relationship breakups on Twitter. In Social Informatics: 6th International Conference, SocInfo 2014 (pp. 199-215). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13734-6_14
Gast, D. L., & Spriggs, A. D. (2014). Visual analysis of graphic data. In Single case research methodology (pp. 176-210). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203521892
Gerayeli, M., Aghamohammadian Sharbaaf, H., & Asghari Ebrahim Abad, M. J. (2020). Effectiveness of emotion-focused group therapy in increasing hope and interpersonal forgiveness in the love trauma syndrome. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 9(2), 87-100. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/ijap.v9i2.68223
Hafez, M. (2025). Designing and feasibility assessment of a God-centered spiritual multidimensional therapy-based educational package for reducing clinical symptoms resulting from romantic breakup [PhD dissertation]. Research Institute of Hawzah and University. [In Persian]
Ḥāfeẓī, Mujtabā (1404/2025). Designing and Feasibility Assessment of an Educational Package Based on God-Oriented Spiritual Multidimensional Therapy on Reducing Clinical Symptoms Resulting from Romantic Breakdown. PhD Dissertation, Research Institute of Hawzah and University. [In Persian]
Hawley, A. R. (2012). The roles of spirituality and sexuality in response to romantic breakup. Bowling Green State University.
Hitchcock, J. H., Horner, R. H., Kratochwill, T. R., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2014). The What Works Clearinghouse single-case design pilot standards: Who will guard the guards? Remedial and Special Education, 35(3), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932513518979
Hosseini Semnani, S., Janbozorgi, M., Ansari, H., & Shaterian Mohammadi, F. (2025). The effectiveness of an intervention protocol based on multidimensional spiritual therapy on reducing narcissistic symptoms and improving personality functions in narcissistic personality disorder: A case study. Studies in Islam and Psychology, 19(36), 1-31. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.30471/psy.2024.9947.2219
Hunt, L. J., & Chung, M. C. (2012). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of relationship dissolution on mental health. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(6), 443-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.682898
Ḥusaynī Simnānī, Ṣiddīqah; Jānbozorgī, Masʿūd; Anṣārī, Ḥasan; Shāṭiriyān Muḥammadī, Fāṭimah (1404/2025). “The Effectiveness of an Intervention Protocol Based on Multidimensional Spiritual Therapy on Reducing Narcissistic Symptoms and Improving Personality Functions in Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Single-Case Study.” Studies in Islam and Psychology, 19(36), 1-31. [In Persian]
Īlkāyī, Ḥamīrā; Tīzdast, Ṭāhir (1399/2020). “The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on Romantic Breakdown, Marital Satisfaction, and Emotion Regulation in Women Referring to the Social Emergency Center of Nowshahr.” Journal of Disability Studies, 10(18), 1-7. [In Persian]
Janbozorgi, M. (1999). The effectiveness of short-term psychotherapy “self-control training” with and without religious (Islamic) orientation on anxiety and stress management [PhD dissertation]. Tarbiat Modares University. [In Persian]
Janbozorgi, M. (2016). Spiritually multidimensional therapy for GAD.
Janbozorgi, M. (2019). Spiritual multidimensional therapy: A God-centered approach for counseling and psychotherapy. Research Institute of Hawzah and University. [In Persian]
Janbozorgi, M. (2020). Spiritual multidimensional therapy: Explanation of psychological phenomena (health and disorder) with spiritual constructs of personality based on religious resources. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 14(2), 173-189. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22070/14.2.173
Janbozorgi, M., & Ansari, H. (2024). Psychopathology with cultural considerations: Based on DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. Research Institute of Hawzah and University. [In Persian]
Janbozorgi, M., Noori, N., Heydarizad, M., Janbozorgi, E., Janbozorgi, A., & Nazari, M. (2020). The effectiveness of God-oriented spiritual therapy and non-spiritual therapies on stress management, crisis prevalence of COVID-19 virus and preliminary design of a spiritual model of crisis intervention. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 18(1), 201-214. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22070/cpap.2020.2932
Jānbozorgī, Masʿūd (1378/1999). The Effectiveness of Short-Term Self-Control Training Psychotherapy With and Without Religious (Islamic) Orientation on Anxiety and Stress Management. PhD Dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University. [In Persian]
Jānbozorgī, Masʿūd (1395/2016). “Spiritual Multidimensional Therapy: The Possibility of Explaining Psychological Phenomena (Health and Disorder) with Spiritual Constructs of Personality Based on Religious Sources.” Clinical Psychology and Personality, 14(2), 173-189. [In Persian]
Jānbozorgī, Masʿūd (1398/2019). Spiritual Multidimensional Therapy: A God-Oriented Approach for Counseling and Psychotherapy (Techniques and Programs). Qom: Research Institute of Hawzah and University. [In Persian]
Jānbozorgī, Masʿūd; Anṣārī, Ḥasan (1403/2024). Psychopathology with Cultural Considerations Based on DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. Qom: Research Institute of Hawzah and University. [In Persian]
Jānbozorgī, Masʿūd; Nūrī, Nāhid; Ḥaydarīzād, Mahdīyah; Jānbozorgī, ʿIrfānah; Jānbozorgī, Amīn; Naẓarī, Muzhgān (1399/2020). “The Effectiveness of God-Oriented Spiritual Therapy and Non-Spiritual Therapies in Managing Stress Caused by the COVID-19 Crisis and the Preliminary Design of a Spiritual Model for Psychological Intervention in the Corona Crisis.” Clinical Psychology and Personality, 18(1), 201-214. [In Persian]
Keshavarz, Z., Bakhshani, N. M., & Aghaee, K. H. (2021). Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on negative affect and self-blame in female students with failing in love. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 19(2), 293-303. [In Persian] http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/rbs.19.2.293
Kouhi, Z., & Alivandi-Vafa, M. (2022). An investigation of the effectiveness of Islamic-oriented consultation on psychological distress in female students with love trauma syndrome. Journal of Research in Religion and Health, 8(3), 53-67. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22037/jrh.v8i3.3469
Lane, J. D., & Gast, D. L. (2014). Visual analysis in single case experimental design studies: Brief review and guidelines. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 24(3-4), 445-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2013.815636
Larsen, D., Attkisson, C. C., Hargreaves, W. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (1979). Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: Development of a general scale. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2(3), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(79)90094-6
Larson, M., & Sweeten, G. (2012). Breaking up is hard to do: Romantic dissolution, offending, and substance use during the transition to adulthood. Criminology, 50(3), 605-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00272.x
Lee, S., & Kweon, S. H. (2013). A study on empathy, credibility, and political attitude in social media: Focused on the relationship between empathetic intention and the motivation of belonging on intended pro-social and political behavior. Advances in Journalism and Communication, 1(3), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajc.2013.13004
Lin, B. (2019). Spirituality and humility: Potential mediator and moderator of sacred loss and desecration and romantic breakup outcomes. Biola University.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
Montazeri, A. (2015). The effectiveness of spiritual multidimensional therapy in group format on patients with multiple sclerosis [MA dissertation]. Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch. [In Persian]
Nateghian, S., Sepehri Shamloo, Z., Salehi Fadardi, J., & Mashhadi, A. (2018). Clinical trial of frontal alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions and the reduction of rumination in reactive depression resulting from love trauma. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6(2), 33-45. [In Persian]
Nequee, F. (2021). Effect of multidimensional spiritual intervention on stress and heart rate variability after bypass surgery. Islamic Health Journal, 6(2), 12-23. [In Persian]
Osler, M., McGue, M., Lund, R., & Christensen, K. (2008). Marital status and twins’ health and behavior: An analysis of middle-aged Danish twins. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(4), 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31816f857b
Panahi, S., Ataeifar, R., Bahrami, H. M., Havassi, S. N., & Tajeri, B. (2023). The effect of spiritually multidimensional psychotherapy on grief experience and grief intensity in the bereaved during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Pizhuhish Dar Din va Salamat, 9(1), 134-149. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v9i1.40846
Pargament, K. I. (2011). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. Guilford Press.
Rafiei Honar, H. (2018). Self-regulation therapy model for depression based on Islamic sources [PhD dissertation]. Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute. [In Persian]
Rajabi, S., & Alimoradi, K. (2018). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on self-concept clarity, depression, anxiety and stress and self-esteem in students with love trauma syndrome. Journal of Psychological Studies, 14(3), 131-146. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2018.16644.1462
Rajabī, Sūrān; ʿAlīmurādī, Khadījah (1397/2018). “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Self-Concept Clarity, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Students with Love Trauma Syndrome.” Journal of Psychological Studies, 14(3), 131-146. [In Persian]
Rhoades, G. K., Kamp Dush, C. M., Atkins, D. C., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2011). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of unmarried relationship dissolution on mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023627
Riley-Tillman, T. C., & Burns, M. K. (2009). Evaluating educational interventions: Single-case design for measuring response to intervention. Guilford Publications.
Rosse, R. B. (1999). The love trauma syndrome: Free yourself from the pain of a broken heart. Perseus Publishing.
Saatchi, M., Askaryan, M., & Pashayee, L. (2019). Psychological tests. Virayesh. [In Persian]
Salvatore, J. E., Collins, W. A., & Simpson, J. A. (2012). An organizational-developmental perspective on functioning in adult romantic relationships. In L. Campbell & T. J. Loving (Eds.), Interdisciplinary research on close relationships: The case for integration (pp. 155-177). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13486-007
Samani, S., & Joukar, B. (2007). A study on the reliability and validity of the short form of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21). Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 26(3), 65-76. [In Persian]
Sanāʾī, Bāqir; ʿĀliqamand, Sitālā; Falāḥatī, Shahrzād; Hūman, ʿAbbās (1387/2008). Scales for Assessing Family and Marriage. Tehran: Biʿthat. [In Persian]
Sanaii, B., Alemand, S., Falahati, S., & Hooman, A. (2008). Family and marriage assessment scales. Besat. [In Persian]
Shamsolahri, M., Nouhi, S., & Alipor, A. (2021). Effectiveness of multidimensional spiritual therapy with a focus on weight loss and its effect on emotional stability, self-control, and body mass index in overweight women. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 22(3), 62-70. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.30486/jsrp.2020.1901566.2465
Sidani, S., & Braden, C. J. (2011). Design, evaluation, and translation of nursing interventions. John Wiley & Sons.
Sotoudehnia Karani, E. (2022). The effectiveness of spiritual multidimensional therapy on pain intensity, positive and negative emotions, and mental helplessness in facing the event in women with cancer [MA dissertation]. Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas Branch. [In Persian]
Tavasoli, Z., Aghamohammadin Sherbaf, H. R., Sepehri Shamloo, Z., & Shahsavari, M. (2018). Effectiveness of group reality therapy on love trauma syndrome and overall functioning of people with emotional failure. Applied Psychology, 12(1), 83-102. [In Persian]
Tavasulī, Zahrā; Āqāmuḥammadīyān Shiʿrbāfī, Ḥamīdriḍā; Sipihrī Shāmlū, Zahrā; Shahsavārī, Majīd (1397/2018). “The Effectiveness of Group Reality Therapy on Love Trauma Syndrome and Overall Functioning of Individuals with Romantic Breakdown.” Applied Psychology Quarterly, 12(1), 83-102. [In Persian]
Vannest, K. J., Peltier, C., & Haas, A. (2018). Results reporting in single case experiments and single case meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 79, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.029
Wadhawan, J., Srivastava, P., Agrawal, P., Jindal, P., Singh, D., Sharma, S., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Breakup among medical students: Aftermath and resumption. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.37506/ijphrd.v11i10.1112
Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., Jones, D. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2017). Long-distance dating relationships, relationship dissolution and college adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 5(4), 268-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817704118
Weber, S. R., & Pargament, K. I. (2014). The role of religion and spirituality in mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(5), 358-363. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000080
World Health Organization. (2022). Geneva charter for well-being. Presented at the 10th Global Conference on Health Promotion, Geneva.
Studies in Islam and Psychology
Volume 20, Issue 41 - Serial Number 41
January 2026
Pages 115-165

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics